Reasons For Joining A Union - 925 Words

A union is an organization of workers that work together to achieve common goals. Common goals may include working conditions, rules, benefits, wages, promotions, safety, hiring, and firing. There are many reasons why one may want to join a union, but before they do they should know the pros and cons of being in a union. To start, Americans should know some essential facts about our countries unions. Unions act as representatives of workers through collective bargaining. They began forming in the 19th century due to workers injustice from the industrial revolution, but didn’t gain prominence until the 1930s with President Roosevelt s New Deal policies (Library of Congress). The New Deal made it illegal for workers to be fired for gathering or unionizing. Currently the most prominent unions are a part of the public sector including city and government workers, teachers and police; members of unions are disproportionately older, male, and residents of the Northeast, the Midwest, or California (Yeselson). Although it is not a rule that you must be liberal because unions give more power to people they’re seen as a part of the democratic party. Currently, there are 16.2 million registered trade union members, roughly 11.1% of America’s workforce; 11.7% of male workers are unionized wh ile only 10.5% of female workers are (Union). Unions play a big role in the daily functionality of the United States, therefore Americans must be informed when making their final decision on whetherShow MoreRelatedEmployment Relationship Is Essential For Organizational Growth And Reputation1436 Words   |  6 Pagesare employment relationships within labor service market, nonunion firm and union firm. In this context, a union referred to any group of employees form an organization who works together for resolving various organizational issues and promoting underlying common interests of the union members (Abbott, 2006). Role of union has been considered crucial in organizations for generations and in this paper, role of trade union in employment relationship has been evaluated critically. Alongside, argumentsRead MoreUnion Unions And The Union1599 Words   |  7 PagesOrganization of Unions Unions have a way of having pros and cons, which working in the union is either good or bad. Not everyone likes or supports the union, but there are those who demand to have a job in the union. Over the times of history, unions were very big but have started to decrease in time. If you work in a job setting that might be a manufacturing job or government job it’s good to have the union supporting you. You don’t always think the union will have your back but never underestimateRead MoreUnited Kingdom Of The European Union And The Political, Economical, And Social Consequences1694 Words   |  7 PagesIn the next year the people of the United Kingdom will get a chance to choose their countries’ fate: whether they should leave the European Union. What makes this important is that it would be the first country to leave the European Union in a time when other European countries are either in negotiation or planning to join. It would be a big deal as the United Kingd om is Europe’s third largest economy. As the people are about to vote on their future, there are concerns as what would be the economicalRead MoreThe Main Reasons For The Creation Of The Eu1558 Words   |  7 PagesTwenty eight countries form the European Union (7.3% of the world s population). It has 24 official languages, a flag, an anthem, a special day, a currency - the Euro, a common market, institutions, and diversity. The population of the EU was approximately 507 million in 2014. The Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the EU last year. I am going to examine the main reasons for the creation of the EU and the advantages, disadvantages of membership. After the catastrophe of two world wars, anti-GermanRead MoreUnited States And The Soviet Union916 Words   |  4 PagesThe May 1972 summit in Moscow and the June 1973 summit in Washington saw the beginning of detente as an official strategic position of both the United States and the Soviet Union. The 1972 summit was primarily focused on the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks and the Arms Control Agreement. 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Its main economic activities include banking, craft exports, merchant shipping, and tourism, which accounts for twenty percent of business (europa.eu.int). For almost thirty years it has been split between Turkish-Cypriots and Greek-Cypriots. The ongoing feud between the two groups and the splitRead MoreAn Description Of An Organization At Acme Auto Parts And The Zinnia Scenarios1533 Words   |  7 Pages Outlining an employer strategic level response to an organizing drive is a challenge. Additionally, a union attempting to recruit new union members is always a difficult task. After reading both the ACME Auto Parts and The Zinnia scenarios in the John Budd text, lots of questions and practices have come to mind. In the proceeding paragraphs, I will attempt to demonstrate employer and union response strategies as if I were in their situation. If I were the manager at ACME, and I just overheard myRead MoreThe Issue Of Gay Marriage1191 Words   |  5 Pagesare sick. However some marriages are not so healthy where one of the partners is abusive whether emotionally or physically and it usually occurs in heterosexual relationships. Orphaned children and children in the foster system also benefit from the union of gay couples because since they can’t have their own children they often look to adoption when starting their own families. Because homosexuals are denied the right of marriage to their loved ones they take marriage more seriously than most heterosexuals

The Failure Of The Middle Of His Stories - 1995 Words

Emily Garcia Tornquist ENG 020 Professor Carolan September 22, 2014 The Failure to Cope J.D. Salinger drops the reader into the middle of his stories. Without any sense of characters, setting, or plot, the reader is thrown into the lives of others as they scramble to unearth the truth behind the scenes. Salinger provides complex stories of relatable characters; some are stories of happiness and others are of loss and dysfunction. Often times, the characters have difficulties dealing with the harsh realities of their lives and have to look towards alternate means of coping. Society fosters an overly structured environment with little room for atypical relationships, ideals, and behaviors. Anything that is outside of the normal is immediately written off and labeled as deviant behavior, something that is often frowned upon in this day and age. The characters in Nine Stories by J.D. Salinger use various coping mechanisms to escape the reality that societal norms and traditionalism present. Seymour Glass of A Perfect Day for Bananafish is a twisted character who, having re turned from the traumas of war, has a hard time fitting back into a routine of normalcy. His partner, Muriel, is more interested in the material things that surround her than she is with her lover. When Seymour cannot find the partnership that he needs with Muriel, he is forced to switch to an alternate source of companionship. He meets a young girl named Sybil on the beach, and quickly bonds with her.Show MoreRelatedComparing How Sherwood Anderson, William Faulkner, And Or Willa Cather Portray Aspects Of Small-Town Life1493 Words   |  6 Pagesmuch on people’s misery in most of his stories and utilized them ironically when ending the story. His life experiences influenced the methodology he utilized to write them. The stories related to difficult times that he went through while growing up. He was born in small Ohio village named Camden, and he underwent through the impoverished circumstances (Anderson, 65). The title of the book is Winesburg, Ohio and it is the place whe re the setting of the story takes place. The book gives and effortRead MoreSherman Alexies Superman And Me911 Words   |  4 PagesIn the text, â€Å"Superman and Me† by Sherman Alexie, the author talks about his opinion that knowledge is a power that saves our lives in many different ways by talking about his own experience with knowledge and how it impacted his life. Alexie expresses throughout the story how reading helped him learn and how he realized that he saved himself from reaching the expectations of failure set in front of him. Alexie then explains how he wants to introduce, to other Indians kids that are in the shoes ofRead MoreEssay about U.S.-Middle East Relations724 Words   |  3 PagesThe United States has had some international issues with Middle Eastern countries in the past. 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If Gawain had never been tempted by Bertilak’s head-slicing game, he never would have gone on his quest and would never have been tempted by Lady Bertilak along his journeyRead MoreReview Of The Snows Of Kilimanjaro And Fitzgerald Winter Dreams 1678 Words   |  7 Pagescollection of stories and poems that represent different periods in our American lite rary history. The Anthology is more than a history book or a collection of stories. It is a glimpse into the life, norms, attitudes, and ethics of a specific time period as seen through the eyes of each author. The stories and poems represent times that often seem removed from our current culture, such as the morally bankrupt slave traders and owners, or as relevant today as the maxims of Ben Franklin. The stories presentedRead MoreEssay Analysis of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight1050 Words   |  5 Pagesable to find â€Å"harborage† on Christmas Eve (Norton, 312). 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They are the main characters because The Giver and Jonas were eitherRead MoreMany Theories from Literary Critics: John Cheever’s The Swimmer901 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Cheever’s most notorious short stories. John Cheever’s main character is a middle-aged, suburban man, named Needy Merrill. While sitting at his neighbors, the Westerhazy’s, pool, Needy decides that he will take a journey through his neighborhood swimming pools. When Needy first starts off his journey he feels young and enthusiastic; he is then greeted in a joyous manner by his neighborhood friends. Apparently, Needy is a well-known and respected man. As his journey progresses, he starts seeingRead MoreWhat Makes A Great Poem Readers Will Fall Of Love With? Nothing?1027 Words   |  5 Pagesown world, and that in some sense supports it† (Armstrong 1). For example, the myth of Phaethon is a background story to the origin of f alling stars, why the Middle East is a desert, and more. 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Maze Game Implementation Using C#

Question: Explain the project implementation with functionalities are in the C# code. Answer: Lab 7 Part Class Diagram User Story For this, there has been an evidence to enter into the system of maze with greeting the person and move in room. Lab 8 Part Class Diagram Sequence Diagram User Story Player can go in between the rooms. No proper output could be analysed. The work is in readable format. This lets users for handling the directions of the exits and the point where they are standing. Final Project Class Diagram Sequence Diagram User Story The level at which the player is able to collect items with proper buying and selling. The item removal has been equipped with the buying and selling. Removal is possible of the items with handling the item drops, if there is a need for it. Constraints are mainly relating to the item player weight. This is for carrying the lists of all the inventory systems. Statement of Contribution The work is in C#. Both lab scenarios have been worked on with proper defined work of the diagrams. Reflection of Learning The project implementation with functionalities are in the C# code. These are for the class connection and hold of calls with proper output of the files. A list of arrays has been created with the proper and well defined collection patterns.

trajcru The Crucible is a Modern Tragedy Crucible Essay Example For Students

trajcru The Crucible is a Modern Tragedy Crucible Essay EssaysThe Crucible is a Modern Tragedy In the 1950s, Communism grew and tension began to increase between the United States and Communist countries such as Russia and China; in addition, Russia attained a nuclear weapon. Many Jews favored the Communists beliefs and began supporting Communism. As a result, President Harry Truman created the Truman Doctrine declaring that members of the Communist party that were in the government must be fired from their jobs. Immediately following the Truman Doctrine, the Senate passed a bill that allowed Communists to be thrown in jail and forced to give names of other members of the Communist party, and interrogation of the suspected Communists was called the McCarthy Hearings. Arthur Millers friend Elia Kazan, suspected communist, was forced to give names and did. This crushed Arthur Miller because he felt it is not his duty to be stronger than he was, the government had no right to require anyone to be stronger than it had been given him to be. A rthur Miller became so enraged and furious that he just drove in his car for hours until he ended up in the courthouse where the Salem Witchcraft trials took place. He felt that the Salem Witchcraft Trials were similar to the McCarthy Hearings because of Mass Hysteria. He decided to write about the Salem Witchcraft Trials in order to expose the truth of the McCarthy Hearings. Arthur Millers The Crucible and the character of John Proctor exemplify the characteristics of a Modern Tragedy and the modern tragic hero through the notions of moral absolutism, intellectual virtue, and that the modern tragic hero is willing to lay down everything for personal dignity. Miller explains the dangers in Moral Absolutism relating to The Crucible as Long- held hatreds of neighbors could now be openly expressed, and vengeance taken, despite the Bibles charitable injunctions. Land-lust which had been expressed before by constant bickering over boundaries and deeds, could now be elevated to the arena of morality; one could cry witch against ones neighbor and feel perfectly justified in the bargain. Old scores could be settled on a plane of heavenly combat between Lucifer and the Lord; suspicions and the envy of miserable toward the happy could and did burst out in the general revenge(7-8). In Act III during a court session Francis notifies Danforth that all the people accused of witchcraft are all covenanted Christians. Danforth replies, Then I am sure they may have nothing to fear Worriedly Francis says, I have brought trouble on these people; I have- But Danforth corrects him, No, old man, you have not hurt these people if they are of good conscious (94). This quote evinces the irony of the play. Danforth assures everyone present that the court acquit everyone who is innocent; however, everybody who has been accused was condemned. The court is so infatuated with the power it has attained due to the witch trials, that it blinds itself to truth and justice. Danforth continues s ays, You must understand, sir, that a person is either with this court or he must be counted against it, there be no road between. This is a sharp time, now, a precise time-we live no longer in the dusky afternoon when evil mixed itself with good and befuddled the world. Now, by Gods grace, the shining sun is up, and them that fear not light will surely praise it(94). This statement sums up the outlook of the authorities toward the witch trials. Danforth is a respectable man, but, like everyone else in Salem, he sees the world in black and white. Everything and everyone belongs to either God or the Devil. The court, being divinely sanctioned, necessarily belongs to God. Therefore, anyone who opposes the courts actions cannot be an honest opponent. In a theocracy, one cannot have honest disagreements because God is perfect and thus, flawless. Since the court is conducting the witch trials, anyone who doubts the trials, is the courts enemy. The logic is simple, since the court does Go ds work, an enemy of the court must, necessarily, be a servant of the Devil. After, he says to Mary Warren, I will tell you this you are either lying now, or you were lying in the court, and in either case you have committed perjury and you will go to jail for it. He continues but focuses on all of the girls that are presently in the court room, The law, based upon the Bible, and the Bible, writ by Almighty G-d, forbid the practice of witchcraft, and describe death as the penalty thereof(102). After forcing her to lie in order not to be condemned, Danforth says she will go to jail for that, which according to simple logic, since she lied she can not be a servant of G-d and thus, she must be a servant of the Devil. Another explanation is that it does not make a difference if she lied now or before, one would believe, just as Danforth believed that this deposition may be devised to blind us; it may well be that Mary Warren has been conquered by Satan, who sends her here to distract our sacred purpose(102). There is irony in this quote because the witch trials have the opposite of a sacred purpose and are merely a long overdue opportunity for everyone so inclined to express publicly his guilt and sins, under the cover of accusations against the victim(7). When Danforth tells Mary Warren You will confess yourself or you will hang!(117), it proves that Danforth is hypocritical because originally he said that if someone was brought to court and was not a servant of the Devil would be acquitted and now either way she is accused of being a servant of the Devil. At the closing moments of the play Danforth exclaims, Hang them high over the town! Who weeps for these, weeps for corruption!(144). On the contrary, who weeps for these, weeps for truth and honor. The moral absolutism displayed in Danforth causes him such blindness that he does not realize that he contributed to the corruption in Salem. Parris also possesses moral absolutism, which is displayed in an argum ent about his salary when he says, I have often wondered if the Devil be in here somewhere; I cannot understand you people otherwise(30). This implies that if something is not exactly the way he believes it should be he accuses his opposition of witchcraft because he believes that his morals and ethics are completely correct, thus, anyone opposed to them must be a servant of the Devil. In another case where Parris exhibits this trait is when Proctor tells Parris that he does not want him to continue to say Hell in every sentence he utters and his response to Proctor is that It is not for you to say what is good for you to hear!(30), as if he decides what is good for him to hear. When Danforth is interrogating Proctor on his religious status and Proctor says that he is in all respects a Gospel Christian, Parris reminds Danforth that Proctor will not come to church but once a month!(90). Here, Parris cloaks his hatred toward Proctor with his inability to attend church for which his only reason for not doing so is because he does not have love for Mr. Parris(90). While trying to defend the women accused of witchcraft Proctor tells Danforth does it not strike upon you that so many of these women have lived so long with such upright reputation, and Parris interrupts him in order to grasp the perfect opportunity to embarrass him and asks, Do you read the Gospel, Mr. Proctor? Proctor replies, I read the Gospel. Then Parris points out, I think not, or you should surely know that Cain were an upright man, and yet he did kill Abel(91). Again, Parris uses his religion to embarrass Proctor and brings proof from the Bible against the women accused of witchcraft. According to Plato, ones senses are bound to the material world ; Thus, anything learned or perceived by his or her senses is ultimately illusory and subordinate to the spiritual world of forms and ideas above. The only way one is able to perceive the eternal truths of the supernal world of forms and ideas is t o go beyond his or her senses and use his or her mind and intellect to discover the eternal ideas from above. Therefore, by using ones intellect one can determine what is eternally true, good, and just. According to Plato, this will naturally lead to attaining virtue throught virtuous actions and behavior. According to Aristotle, as it is stated in The Poetics, all tragic heroes must possess this trait. The Crucibles tragic hero, John Proctor, displays this trait as often seen in modern tragic heros through the capability to penetrate the social pretenses, hypocrisies, and weaknesses in his society. After Danforth agrees not to hang Elizabeth until she has given birth, Proctor, even though he has received all he wants, as a result of his true goodness and virtue continues to defend the other women that were accused, because as he said about the other husbands in the courtroom, These are my friends. Their wives are also accused(92). Another proof of John Proctors goodness is when Eli zabeth says that I never knew such goodness in the world!(137). When Proctor is demanded to tell names of other people that were with the Devil he responds, I speak my own sins; I cannot judge another. I have no tongue for it.(141) This is a perfect display Proctors true goodness because now, he has the opportunity to take revenge on anyone he wishes, but does not because he can see through the hypocrisies and evils of the world and has the ability to perceive the eternal truths. According to Arthur Miller, as stated in Tragedy and the Common Man, the tragic feeling is evoked in us when we are in the presence of a character who is ready to lay down his life, if need be, to secure one thing-his sense of personal dignity. Tragedy is the consequence of mans total compulsion to evaluate himself justlyThe flaw, or crack in the character, is really nothing, and need be nothing-but his inherent unwillingness to remain passive in the face of what he conceives to be a challenge of his dig nity, his image of his rightful status. When Proctor pleads to Danforth he says, A man may thing God sleeps, but God sees everything, I know it now. I beg you, sir, I beg you-see her what she isShe thinks to dance with me on my wifes grave! And well she might, for I thought of her softly. God help me, I lusted, and there is a promise in such sweat. But it is a whores vengeance(110). Proctor knows from the beginning that the witch trials comprise of nothing more then Abigails revenge for ending their affair, but Proctor attempts to hide this knowledge from the public because it would lead to a total disgrace of his name and reputation. This is a pivotal point in the play, in which Proctors concern for justice surpasses his concern for his reputation. He then continues and says, I have made a bell of my honor! I have rung the doom of my good name(111). After ripping up the paper with his signature of his confession he proclaims, I have confessed myself! Is there no good penitence but in public? God does not need my name nailed upon the church! God sees my name; God knows how black my sins are! According to James Martine, For the seventeenth-century Puritans, the worst sin was to lie, which represented a breaking of ones faith, ones reputation, ones name. But name for Millers characters means not only ones reputation but being true to oneself. Miller feels so strongly about this that at the court acquittal in 1958 of his contempt of Congress charges, he said, Nobody wants to be a herobut in every man there is something he cannot give up and still remain himself-a core, an identity, a thing that is summed up for him by the sound of his own name on his own ears. If he gives up, he becomes a different man, not himself(64). Toward the end of the play John Proctor proclaims, Because it is my name! Because I cannot have another in my life! Because I lie and sign myself to lies! Because I am not worth the dust on the feet of them that hang! How may I live without my n ame? I have given you my soul; leave my name!(143). Proctor utters these lines when he is fighting with his conscience over whether to confess to witchcraft and save himself from be hanged. He has almost been convinced to confess himself, but the last step to confession is his signature on the confession, which he cannot bring himself to do. In part, this reluctance reflects his desire not to dishonor his friends who were also accused of witchcraft and he would not be able to live with himself knowing that other innocent people, his friends, died while he looked death in the eyes and fled. James Martine agrees that this is one reason he did not ultimately confess in his critique, Name, when he writes, Looming large before him are the examples of Rebecca Nurse and Giles Corey. Rebecca, who is brought in at the penultimate moment, is an exemplum of courage and unwavering integrity. She will not lie-that is, compromise her name-and damn herself. Ashamed of what he is doing by signing t he confession to save his life, Proctor turns his face to the wall in her presence(65). More significantly, it exemplifies his obsession with his good name. Earlier in the play, Proctor keeps from testifying against Abigail to preserve his good name. Now, he experiences part of his anagnorisis because he has come to a true understanding and knowledge of what a good reputation means -specifically, that he tell the truth, and not lie to save himself. Proctors last statements in the play are to himself when he says, And theres your first marvel, that I can. You have made your magic now, for now I do think I see some shred of goodness in John Proctor. Not enough to weave a banner with, but white enough to keep it from such dogs. White symbolizes his honesty, purity, and his angelic state, which evinces that he is now at peace with himself and prepared to accept his death. Arthur Millers play The Crucible can be considered a tragedy not only to Millers definition of a tragedy, but also Aristotles. The plays action, first of all, is universal, applying to the lives of the entire community and not necessarily to one particular man. The historical events of 1692 and the 1950s make the fact eminently conspicuous. The plot of The Crucible is dramatic, complete, and unified(Martine,82). Proctors harmartia, tragic flaw, is obviously his affair with Abigail Williams. His perepetia, reversal of circumstances, is that he went from living a almost normal puritan life to being accused of witchcraft. As for an anagnorisis, realization, that is a matter both simple and complex. John Proctor certainly and clearly achieves his profound recognition. Miller had especially chosen his ambience with his mind. He has said In The Crucible I had taken a step, I felt, toward a more self aware drama. The Puritan not only felt, but constantly referred his feelings to concepts, to codes and ideas of social and ethical importance(Views, vi-vii). This tragic self-awareness is the sine qua n on to Proctors situation and character(Martine, 83). The audience experiences a purgation of the soul, a catharisis, of their pity and fear because of Proctors deep-seated disposition, which is his own essential humanity and this demonstrates him to be a man like ourselves(Martine, 83). .ud04aa5848b9758a8aa58e812bbdaf863 , .ud04aa5848b9758a8aa58e812bbdaf863 .postImageUrl , .ud04aa5848b9758a8aa58e812bbdaf863 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud04aa5848b9758a8aa58e812bbdaf863 , .ud04aa5848b9758a8aa58e812bbdaf863:hover , .ud04aa5848b9758a8aa58e812bbdaf863:visited , .ud04aa5848b9758a8aa58e812bbdaf863:active { border:0!important; } .ud04aa5848b9758a8aa58e812bbdaf863 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud04aa5848b9758a8aa58e812bbdaf863 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud04aa5848b9758a8aa58e812bbdaf863:active , .ud04aa5848b9758a8aa58e812bbdaf863:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud04aa5848b9758a8aa58e812bbdaf863 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud04aa5848b9758a8aa58e812bbdaf863 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud04aa5848b9758a8aa58e812bbdaf863 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud04aa5848b9758a8aa58e812bbdaf863 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud04aa5848b9758a8aa58e812bbdaf863:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud04aa5848b9758a8aa58e812bbdaf863 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud04aa5848b9758a8aa58e812bbdaf863 .ud04aa5848b9758a8aa58e812bbdaf863-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud04aa5848b9758a8aa58e812bbdaf863:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Biography on Martin Luther King Jr. Essay We will write a custom essay on trajcru The Crucible is a Modern Tragedy Crucible specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

Economics Term Paper essays

Economics Term Paper essays Just as Governor Bradford discovered during the famine at the time of the original Thanksgiving, we must allow for an unrestricted government and let the invisible hand go to work. When there is a competitive market after an event such as Hurricane Charley, it allows for equilibrium to still take place. Doing this allows the average total cost to stay as close to the norm as possible. This would be true because otherwise it would be at the expense of the seller to purchase more supplies than normal and would in turn cost him more than he would typically pay for each product. A competitive market would allow this seller, in his presence of high demand, to keep his constant returns to scale as close to how it was previous to the hurricane. Otherwise the seller would experience a diseconomy of scale as equilibrium would not be ideal. One of the three basic insights to market outcomes states that free markets produce the quantity of the goods that maximize the sum of the consumer and producer surplus. Having a laissez-faire market during a time like this would most likely uphold this insight. Allowing a free-market can also have its problems. Sellers would have the free right to sell products during a crisis at whatever price they feel. This could cause a monopolistic effect and those buyers with the inability to pay would be left with nothing. The owner and his new monopolistic business would be producing and selling an amount of goods below what would maximize surplus. As soon as the store owner raises his price above the marginal cost, less people will want to buy them. In order for the store owner to maximize profits, he would have to find out at what cost the marginal revenue equals marginal cost. As displayed by the graph, less output and higher prices emerge from a monopoly. The graph shows that the price is higher and the output lower than the competitive market ...

Alfred Sisley, French Impressionist Landscape Painter

Alfred Sisley, French Impressionist Landscape Painter Alfred Sisley (October 30, 1839 - January 29, 1899) was a French impressionist painter who straddled British and French national identification. Although he received far less praise than some of his contemporaries, he was one of the key artists who began the French impressionist movement. Fast Facts: Alfred Sisley Born: October 30, 1839 in Paris, FranceDied: January 29, 1899 in Moret-sur-Loing, FranceProfession: PainterSpouse: Eugenie LesouezecChildren: Pierre and JeanneArtistic Movement: ImpressionismSelected Works: The Bridge in Argenteuil (1872), Regatta at Molesey (1874), Barges on the Loing at Saint-Mammes (1885)Notable Quote: The animation of the canvas is one of the hardest problems of painting. Early Life and Training Born in Paris, France, the son of wealthy British parents, Alfred Sisley grew up and lived most of his life in France, but he never renounced his British citizenship. His father operated a business exporting silk and artificial flowers. Sisleys mother was extremely knowledgeable about music. In 1857, the parents sent young Albert to London to study for a career in commercial trade. While there, he visited the National Gallery and examined the work of the painters John Constable and J.M.W. Turner. In 1861, Albert Sisley returned to Paris, and a year later began art studies at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts. There, he met fellow painters Claude Monet and Pierre-Auguste Renoir. They frequently took trips to paint landscapes outdoors in an effort to realistically capture the changing impact of sunlight throughout the day. Sisley met Eugenie Lesouezec in 1866. Together, they had two children, Pierre, born in 1867, and Jeanne, born in 1869. Although they remained together until Eugenies death in 1898, they didnt marry until August 5, 1897. In 1870, due to the impact of the Franco-Prussian War, Sisleys fathers business failed. Sisley and his family lived in poverty for the rest of his life, surviving on the income from selling his paintings. The value of his works didnt increase significantly until after his death. The Seine at Point du Jour (1877). Hulton Fine Art / Getty Images Landscape Painter Camille Pissarro and Edouard Manet were primary influences on the style and subject matter of Albert Sisleys paintings. Pissarro and Manet were key figures who provided a bridge to the development of impressionism in the latter part of the 19th century. Sisleys primary subject was landscape painting, and he often depicted dramatic skies. The painting The Bridge in Argenteuil, painted in 1872, shows Sisleys primary interest in the landscape and architecture of the bridge despite the presence of strolling people in the painting. He boldly depicts the clouds in the sky and the rippling effect of waves in the water. The Bridge in Argenteuil (1872). Mondadori Portfolio / Getty Images Barges on the Loing at Saint-Mammes, painted in 1885, shows the bold colors created by the intense sunlight of a warm summer day. The reflections of the buildings along the beach are shown broken up by the movement of the water, and the eye is drawn through perspective to a railway viaduct in the distance. Friendship With Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Claude Monet Alfred Sisley became close friends with Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Claude Monet, two of the most prominent impressionists. The trio often painted and socialized together. Sisley was close enough to Renoir that the latter painted multiple portraits of Sisley both alone and with his partner, Eugenie. Albert Sisley painted by Pierre-Auguste Renoir. Yorck Project / Wikimedia Commons / Public Domain Sisley was never as prominent in the Paris art scene as his two close friends. Some observers theorize that is due to the fact that Sisley insisted on embracing both his French and British roots, straddling two cultures, while his better-known colleagues were French through and through. Later Career Constantly seeking a lower cost of living due to struggling to get by on his income from selling paintings, Sisley moved his family to small villages in the French countryside. Late in his career, he began focusing more intently on architecture as a subject in his art. An 1893 series of paintings focuses on a church in the village of Moret-sur-Loing. He also painted a series of depictions of the Rouen Cathedral in the 1890s. Barges on the Loing at Saint-Mammes (1885). Heritage Images / Getty Images Albert and Eugenie traveled to Great Britain for a final time in 1897. They married each other in Wales and stayed along the coast where Sisley executed nearly 20 paintings. In October, they returned to France. Eugenie died several months later, and Albert Sisley followed her to the grave in January 1899. To assist with the financial needs of the children Sisley left behind, his good friend Claude Monet arranged an auction of the artists paintings in May 1899. View of Fontainebleau Wood (1885). Mondadori Portfolio / Getty Images Legacy Alfred Sisley received little acclaim during his lifetime. However, he was one of the founding artists of French impressionism. His early paintings provide a link between the neo-impressionistic works of artists such as Edouard Manet, and key impressionists such as Claude Monet and Pierre-Auguste Renoir, both good friends of Alfred Sisley. Some also see Sisley as a rightful predecessor to the work with light and color in the paintings of Paul Cezanne. Source Shone, Richard. Sisley. Harry N. Abrams, 1992.

Analyze Thomas More's Utopia in terms of his purposes and Essay

Analyze Thomas More's Utopia in terms of his purposes and characteristics he assigns to the state of Utopia What does he have to - Essay Example Hythloday talks about Utopia’s history and geography and tells that Utopia was once Isthmus before General Utopus conquered it. Hythloday puts forth a very civilized image of the Utopian society. He says that Utopians are rational in their thinking and dealing with one another. Property is communal. People of utopia are highly productive and do not run after money or gold. They value human life and etiquettes more than power and money. Class distinction is non existent in Utopia and so is the poverty. People are tolerant in religious matters and crime and offence is negligible. The society is better than any society in Europe. Finally, (More) says that he would appreciate it if few of the Utopian policies were inculcated in the European system, though he sees little to no chance of it in reality. Works Cited: More, Thomas. Utopia. UK: Bibliolis Books Ltd, 2010. Print.

Learning Journal on Managing Conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Learning Journal on Managing Conflict - Essay Example In the first step, the involved parties establish the main cause of the problem or conflict which could be among them or from outside. Putting into consideration the situations that people are in is essential since sometimes solving a conflict while in bad moods may lead to other unbearable problems (whetten & Cameron 55). Taking an example of employees in a processing company, like Klic juices Inc Processors where I work, there arise many conflicts resulting from one employee insulting a colleague. This kind of interpersonal conflict lowers productivity and may lead to job termination as experienced in klic Juices Inc. Eventually the involved parties quarrel and eventually creating attention of everyone within the building. Organizational conflicts management entails getting deep into the causative factors and making an effective and full intervention to get the solution to the interpersonal conflict at hand. The theory stresses that conflicts are functional to an organization and assist in discovering new management techniques as well as understanding the differences between individuals from varying cultures (Rahim 211). In managing interpersonal conflicts, a lot of issues arise especially when one is faced with the task. First an individual is confused between which parties to favor especially when there are close ties between the two parties. As a conflict manager, the first step involves getting the two parties together and having a dialogue without favoring any side. According to Whetten and Cameron, conflict management should take the shortest time possible since the longer the process takes, the more irritating the two parties become and this result into quarrels. It is very essential to separate people from their problems since each individual possesses unique desires, emotions and personal views. Some forms of conflicts exist only in individuals minds this makes it necessary for the two parties to fully

Dubai Police Department Proposals Essay Example for Free

Dubai Police Department Proposals Essay In order to attain the objectives it is essential to recognize the existing practices in Dubai police department and also in the modern police departments of countries like USA, Germany, UK, Australia etc. This will be done by individual interviews of the officials in Dubai and the through questionnaires from other corners of the world. Primary research will be persistent on personal interviews with Dubai Police department officials that will give an inner view of the present positing and future goals. This will also be a key basis of understanding the indolence for change. This will help in bringing out the indication of the present managed system in Dubai police department organization. Ultimately the clients will help in providing the true print of Dubai Police department’s working and key areas of improvement. Data presented from this research will assist to evaluate the best practices model and the actual working. This will help in indicating the difference and the reason for Dubai police department organization to implement a successful change management. Dubai Police higher officials will be randomly selected with favorable time and place for the interviews to be carried out. Finally the research will be focused on the historical data by looking at the Dubai Police department’s strategy in the past. If any failure or any glitches are to be found in companies strategy they will be pointed in this research. This will help the writer to understand the Dubai Police department’s goals in the past and their implementation process. Bibliography Articles: Garry Wilson (2004) Lessons from the trenches Principles of change. Chartered Accountants Journal, 13(1), pp. 1-5. Pierre Collerette, Robert Schneider, Paul Legris (2001), Managing organizational change -Part one Change in turbulent times, ISO Management Systems, pp. 1-8. 45 Woodward, Sally, Hendry, Chris (June -2004), Leading and coping with change. Journal of Change Management, Vol. 4 Issue 2, p155, 29p Michelman, Paul (Oct 2004), Overcoming Change Resisters Harvard Management, Vol. 9 Issue 10, p3, 1p; (AN 15175074) De Jager, Peter. Futurist (Oct 2001), Resistance to Change: A New View of an Old Problem. Vol. 35 Issue 3, p24, 4p, 1bw; (AN 4339215) Pratt, Mary K. , (Jan – 2005) Leading Change Computerworld, 1/10/2005, Vol. 39 Issue 2, p33, 2p; (AN 15636701)

Essays --

Insecurities often trouble young people making high school difficult to manage. There are many new pressures that come with being a teenager and friendships are often the key to surviving high school. At such a young age, most teenagers have not discovered themselves yet and they need the help of others to uncover their true potential. In the coming of age novel The Perks of Being a Wallflower, by Stephen Chbosky, Charlie searches for his identity and finds it with the help of his friends. Charlies good friend Sam, physically and mentally influences Charlie to becomes a more mature and confident person when she teaches him how to navigate relationships and helps him rediscover his past. Sam physically exposes Charlie to new experiences that change him into a more confident person. At the start of the school year Charlie is an anti-social and introverted freshman who is reluctant and unsure of himself. He enters high school with no friends, but soon becomes friends with a small group of seniors, most importantly Sam, that influence him to become a stronger individual. Sam introduces him to many new things that he never would have experienced before. For example, drugs, alcohol, love, sexuality, parties and relationships change Charlie into an more confident person by breaking him out if his comfort zone. Sam plays a huge role in his development from being easily influenced to making decisions for himself. Sam motivates him to explore a new side of life and he realizes that life needs to be lived and not watched. Charlie grows from being someone who sits by and watches life to a person who fully participates in life. Charlie begins to develop and mature as his charac ter is faced with unfamiliar situations that take him out of his s... ... reason that Charlie is the way he is. Once he was in touch with his feelings, he can understand and progress in his life. The novel ends with Charlie forgiving his Aunt Helen, and finding the strength to move on with his life. Sam guides Charlie is the right direction for him to become a more outgoing and courageous person by teaching him to take risks and recover what happened to him as a child. Without Sam, Charlie would be a completely different person and would probably still be hurting from an internal pain that he is unaware of. In life peers can impact others life and personality by physically taking them to new places and having them try new things. On the other hand, people can effect others mentally by helping them understand their past in order to move forward. Peoples influence on others often help to shape their personality and discover their identity.

Higher Education, and American Society

After thoroughly reading â€Å"Race, Higher Education, and American Society,† I felt genuinely enlightened. As cliche as that sounds, the article left me with a better understanding of what causes our society to function like it does. But on a deeper level I felt somewhat ashamed of the extreme close-mindedness that seems to run rampant throughout our nation. The argument that stood out the most, and was the most interesting to me was â€Å"The conclusion of most of us is that â€Å"race† does not exist as a biological phenomenon. ut rather that it is socially and culturally constructed† (pg, 216). I wholeheartedly agree and support this argument, it's not that society finds the different pigment of one's skin taboo, but more the various stereotypes one is in a sense â€Å"branded† with by society. The author later explains that for the most part this form of discrimination is somewhat subliminal, in that no one would deliberately admit to it. Moses goes into deeper analysis by saying that stereotypes are based upon people associating certain â€Å"innate characteristics† to specific groups of people. Furthermore I share the feeling of the author of how sad it is that we live in a society that is so â€Å"preconditioned† to the idea of fixed racial categories. I've noticed a pattern in history that makes up our country, it is riddled with persecution, but despite this it seems we've learned nothing. I find it embarrassing that we could once be so ignorant to think that fellow human beings could be inferior based solely on the color of their skin and the location in which they reside. Although this was not mentioned in the article nor have I read it anywhere else, my hypothesis would be that darker skin pigments are a dominant evolutionary trait. For those that live close to and around the equator the darker skin is a defense to constant exposure to a sun that is in a sense â€Å"closer† than it is in the northern hemisphere. The best evidence in support of the above mentioned argument provided within in the article is early and extremely conventional belief that â€Å"some people cannot learn†. What this is saying essentially is certain minorities have inferior brain capacity and therefore can't be taught. This concept itself was most easily seen in our own Constitution, being that people of color, poor white men, and women were not considered to be citizens. Even close to two hundred years later, there was still virtually no educational and social mobility for minorities. Its that sad cliche of â€Å"the rich get richer while the poor remain poor†. The author also explains how certain elements perpetuate the homogenization of elite universities, such as â€Å"grades and test scores constitute merit† (pg. 17). This in addition to the endless cycle that makes up inner-city education: the schools lack resources and the desire to prepare these children, giving them a disadvantage when taking standardized tests and more specifically when trying to be admitted into a institution of higher learning. In conclusion, it is evident from the information within this article that stereotypes and racism are still found in America, and those who perpetuate them by encouraging homo-geniousness are merely trying to keep the rich†¦ rich.

Importance of patient confidentiality Essay

Health care professionals have a duty to maintain confidentiality for their patients. Health professionals may not disclose any patient information revealed by a patient or discovered by a physician in connection with the treatment of a patient. Patients put all of their trust into healthcare professionals and it is their job to protect patients’ private information. Consequences will be made if patient confidentiality is disclosed. The security of patient information is crucial because there are many risk factors that could occur. The disclosing of patient information can put patients at risk. Many problems could occur if patient information isn’t kept confidential. Someone could get their social security number, steal their identity or even find out their address. Other healthcare providers gossiping about a patients’ information such as an STD, could get around to others that the patient may know personally and that can mentally, emotionally and physically affect a patient. In general, AMA’s Code of Medical Ethics states that the information disclosed to a physician during the course of the patient-physician relationship is confidential to the utmost degree. (â€Å"American Medical Association,† 2013, Para. 1) If patient confidentiality is revealed than there are consequences that will follow. Health care professionals could be terminated for a certain period of time or completely fired from the job depending on the situation. Health care providers or even the facility could be sued. Also health care providers could lose patients’ trust because they could hear by word of mouth that patient information is not secure, and they are not a trustworthy facility. Illegal actions could potentially mean jail time or court depending on the situation. Maintaining patient confidentiality is a legal duty as well as an ethical duty. (â€Å"American Medical Association,† 2013, Para. 2) The purpose of health care provider’s is to make the patient feel free to disclose any and all of their  history so the physician can treat the patient appropriately. â€Å"If patients are not confident that there interactions will be held in confidence, they may be inhibited from telling their doctors about important things. (Alta, Anderson, Steele, 2000, para.3) There are times when private information has to be disclosed to outside parties with the patients’ consent such as insurance companies, parent/guardian, health departments or the court may have to subpoena patient’s medical records if patients’ do not want to comply to let others view them. This is called a breach of confidentiality. This means patient records can be disclosed to a third party, without patient consent or court order, of private information that the physician has learned within the patient-physician relationship. Patient record have to be reviewed by other parties to get their insurance companies to pay for their care and other doctors or facilities may have to view their history because sometimes patients have to be referred to other doctors. The general rule regarding release of a patient’s medical record is that information contained in a patient’s medical record may be released to third parties only if the patient has consented to such disclosure. (â€Å"American Medical Association,† 2013, Para. 6) Congress passed the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA) in which offers protection for personal health information. It places limits on how confidential health information can be shared with others. The HIPPA rules and regulations give patients better security over their information. Health care providers have to abide by a series of privacy standards and if they do not, they will have penalties to abide by for not following those standards. Within the HIPPA guidelines, patients have the right to request a copy of their records. It puts safeguards in place for confidential health information collected, maintained, used, or transmitted in electronic form. Patient confidentiality can be avoided if healthcare providers remain professional at all times and follow all rules, laws and regulations. Facilities need to have meetings on a weekly basis so they can all remain updated on all rules and issues that need to be addressed. Communication is what all health care providers need to provoke because it helps keep  everyone on the same page and if there are any issues health professional should be able to communicate well with other individuals to address a situation in a professional manner. Overall maintaining patient confidentiality is the main duty to provide the best care for patients because making patients feel at ease with their health care providers gives them the trust they need to know they will be well taken care of. If this bond of trust is broken, patients may be hesitant to seek care or may not share important information needed to provide the best care. The HIPPA laws have strengthened patient confidentiality. Keeping patient information confidential is more than just the right thing to do, it is the law. References In text Citation: (Alta, Anderson, Steele, 2000, para.3) (â€Å"American Medical Association,† 2013, Para. 1) (â€Å"American Medical Association,† 2013, Para. 2) (â€Å"American Medical Association,† 2013, Para. 6) Alta, V. Anderson, JD. Steele, D. (September 26, 2000) Confidentiality and Privacy Outline. Webmedia Retrieved May 27, 2013 from http://webmedia.unmc.edu/intmed/geriatrics/lectures/aita3.pdf

Corporate Citizenship - Becks Theory of the World Risk Society

Corporate Citizenship - Becks Theory of the World Risk Society Lucianne WhiteCorporate CitizenshipAssignment 1IntroductionCorporate citizenship is based on the premise that businesses will actresponsibly towards society, thus proving to be socially responsible.This essay will look at the three theories of citizenship.Risk in society is viewed by three main approaches, human behaviourapproach, techno-scientific approach and sociocultural approach.Each of these approaches puts yet another spin on the definition ofrisk and how it affects our population. This essay will look at riskfrom the 'world risk society' point of view.It will endeavour to explain Beck's theory of the 'risk society' anddiscuss how his theory might be applied as a useful framework forexamining the level of corporate citizenship in organisations.It will also include a look at how other theorists define risk. Inconclusion it will evaluate and comment on the usefulness of Beck'smodel.Corporate CitizenshipA citizen is a member of a modern political community (i.e.Corporation: Peopl ethenation-state) who posesses formally defined rights and responsibilitiesby virute of membership to that nation, typically including the right tobe involved in selecting governments (Bessant Watts, 1999).Corporate citizenship is therefore corporations which have rights andresponsibilites of their own, as well as obligations to their community.Corporate citizenship is based on three theories; minimalist,communitarian and universal rights. We will look briefly at what eachtheory means.Minimalist is where citizens strive towards their own goals with verylittle interference. They realise there are rules which regulate theirbehaviour and are able to function individually.Communitarian is where the communitys' well being outweighs theindividuals rights. Everyone works towards reaching the communitygoals rather than focusing on personal goals.Universal rights is where everyone pursues their own goals andinterests but makes sure to consider others rights. Being aware...

Answers to Questions About Apostrophes

Answers to Questions About Apostrophes Answers to Questions About Apostrophes Answers to Questions About Apostrophes By Mark Nichol Here are three questions from readers about use of apostrophes to mark possession or plurality, followed by my responses. 1. When I have a list of people who all possess something, how do I handle the apostrophe(s)? Which of the following sentences is correct?: â€Å"Today is John, Mary, and my second anniversary with the company.† â€Å"Today is John’s, Mary’s, and my second anniversary with the company.† â€Å"Today is John, Mary’s, and my second anniversary with the company.† â€Å"Today is John’s, Mary’s, and my second anniversary with the company† is correct, because the possessive (or, more accurately, genitive) function of my covers only itself, and each of the names needs its own possessive markers they can’t share one. (Even â€Å"Today is John and Mary’s second anniversary with the company† works only if they joined as a single unit; by contrast, â€Å"Today is John and Mary’s second wedding anniversary† is correct because it implies that they united as a couple.) 2. Which of the following options regarding the apostrophe s is correct?: â€Å"This view of Smith regarding the relation between rationality and social contexts is inspired by Marx’s philosophy.† â€Å"This view of Smith’s regarding the relation between rationality and social contexts is inspired by Marx’s philosophy.† The apostrophe plus s is correct: This is an example of the possessive, or genitive, case; the view â€Å"belongs† to Smith, so it should be treated as if you wrote â€Å"Smith’s view . . . .† (One could also write, â€Å"This view from Smith . . .,† but the possessive form reads better.) 3. Recently, there was a headline in the Los Angeles Times that read, â€Å"The what if’s of Iraq.† Is the apostrophe in if’s correct? No. It should read, â€Å"The what ifs of Iraq† (or, better yet, what-ifs), just as one would refer to more than one no as nos (not no’s) and a list of recommendations as â€Å"dos and don’ts† (not don’t’s). The editors probably thought that â€Å"what ifs† looks odd, but they violated the rule â€Å"Minimize exceptions†: They wouldn’t (one hopes) insert a second apostrophe in don’ts, so why put an extraneous one in â€Å"what ifs†? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Confusing "Passed" with "Past"Testimony vs. Testimonial

Higher Education in England Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Higher Education in England - Essay Example It has been concluded that each student spends only around 26 hours of time per week for both private study and teaching. Another report on UK universities, in particular, universities in England, shows that the stress levels of students undergoing higher education are more than the level prescribed by health and Safety Executive (HSE) for good health.(Ashley) A report developed by National Union of Students (NUS) shows that the students are well aware of their daily expenditure, but not sure of the hidden costs they spend. These include travelling, food bought during travelling, in shops and restaurants. (NUS student experience report) The report also shows the average percentage of people worried about their financial situation. It shows that 13% of the total are very much worried and stressed out about their financial situation whereas 16% of students don't give much attention to it. The rest of students were not aware of how much they spend.(NUS student experience report) According to recent survey conducted on a group of students, a larger database of information was generated with predefined set of questions. On finding out correlation between the debt and term expenditure, it was found out to be 0.76 showing a fairly high connection between the two subjected quantities. Further analysis was done to test two hypotheses. One is a belief of no difference in debt between mature and young students. The other was mature students having more debts than young students. With t-test and histogram on a surveyed set of data, both the hypotheses were proved wrong. Although the correlation was found, there was not enough evidence to back the hypothesis. It can be summarized that most of them are under the wrong notion of borrowing things would satisfy their needs rather than looking at the cumulative result they would face after graduation. It could also be one of their ways to counter the financial pressure. The current financial turmoil has added to their stress level as the expenditure for basic amenities has increased. The current recession has led students who want to join universities to go for one which is nearby their home so that they could cut down on the loan for maintenance. (Students at home 'to cut costs') A survey suggests that due to recession, there are not enough part-time jobs to compensate students who take loans to complete their higher education. The survey conducted by the youth parliament of UK suggests that 36% of people fear of shifting to new place as they may not be able to repay the debts.(Higher education funding) According to the first held survey on Student Price Index, the students of higher education pay 7 percent higher than

MySpace and Facebook are among the fastest growing sites on the web Essay

MySpace and Facebook are among the fastest growing sites on the web. But are these sites enriching or diminishing our social experience - Essay Example These web sites like Facebook and MySpace became popular as online community webs in a short period of time. People like these web sites as they can share their ideas with their friends and with the world, they can upload and comment on the photos and share these to their friends and other persons. But are these web online communities are helping people to be close to each other or these community web sites making people anonymous. Today we use internet a lot. Many people utilize most of their time on the internet using Facebook or MySpace or any other such web site. It has been found that people mostly the youth spend most of their time using the internet rather than watching television or doing other things (Gale).In the essay â€Å"Study rates online habits† Thomas gale writes that the rate of reading newspaper, magazine, listening radio and watching TV is declined with the rapid increase in the usage of internet. He says that only 20 percent people read magazine and 15 per cent read newspaper but 51 percent people spend more than 10 hours on the internet (Gale). On the internet there is no way to detect a lie. Susan Youngwood in the article â€Å"Networking by the ‘Book’: Vt. college students cull, gather friends on facebook.com† quotes Stone that â€Å"there is no way to determine truth from fiction on Facebook (Youngwood 2006).You can write whatever you want, put whatever picture you want. The picture doesn't even have to be of you.†¦ Photoshop,† he says, â€Å"is a wonderful thing†. That is the reasons that Susan says that it is impossible for the administration to look into the profile and make decisions about any student. Student use internet and social networking sites a lot (Youngwood 2006). They share their ideas and other such things. In the same article Susan Youngwood quotes Greg stone says that the students suppose that they are anonymous and states â€Å""Even though they say very, very, very, very private things, they do it because †¦ they don't have to look someone in the eye. We're real concerned about them understanding that." So the social network of students on the internet is not helpful for the administration to detect a fiction (Youngwood 2006). Now the youth ranging from 14 to 24 years old don’t know that who should be their heroes. Being busy in the network sites the young generation has not enough time to interact with their family in a proper manner. They unwillingly ignore their families and spend most of their time on the web. In the essay â€Å"Computers Will Not Significantly Transform Society† Clifford Stoll discourages the computer and networks and have the opinion that it is impossible for a person to enjoy more on a computer screen rather than a live concert. He says that a meeting over a coffee is incomparable with a chat on the internet and the term cybersex can never make a person such happy that a real can (Stoll). The vital characte ristics of the human interaction are neglected uncompromisingly. The values of the human interactions are replaced by the technology (Stoll). In the book â€Å"Computer and Society† Clifford states â€Å"A poor substitute it is, this virtual reality where frustration is legion and where--in the holy names of Education and Progress--important aspects of human interactions are relentlessly devalued† (Stoll). The social network sites on the one hand proving an ease of communication and interaction among the people but on the other hand the online communities are devaluing the

Administrator and Teacher Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Administrator and Teacher Interview - Essay Example After enrolling at Hardin-Simmons University, I realized what my calling was. A professor noticed that I had many hours in Spanish and asked me if I had ever considered teaching Spanish or bilingual education. I had always loved working with children, as I had worked with children in my high school years, helping them to read and practice math. And so, my career in education began. After some time in school, I began to realize all the benefits of being an educator: summers and holidays off, time with my family, working with children, and a love for a career unlike any other. (2) Would you recommend the education profession to others? Why or why not? I would only recommend the education profession to others that truly want to teach. The rewards from the students’ successes are wonderful. Most parents are kind and helpful. There are many more positive aspects to teaching, but there are also negative aspects to teaching. For example, teachers are some of the lowest paid professio nals in the country. Teachers must continue to educate themselves to stay current in educational trends, often at their own expense. There is immense pressure to make students perform on state accountability tests because student scores are tied to state funds for the schools. (3) Are there any other teachers in your family? If so, who? I have two cousins who are educators in Texas. (4) What is your highest level of education? (Masters) Leadership of Learning, M.Ed. (5) How long have you been an educator? I have been an educator for thirteen years. (6) What is your greatest challenge as an educator? My greatest challenge is getting parents involved in their children’s education. (7) How do you balance the demands of your profession with the political realities of the education system? It is difficult. I often take the political realities personally. I try to do my job and leave the other â€Å"stuff† at school. Sometimes I vent to those I trust, and sometimes administr ators hear my voice if I feel passionately enough about the topic. I try not to rock the boat too often because I feel like everyone is constantly critiquing my actions and me. (8) Do you live in the community that you work in? If yes, do you believe that it is important for educators to live in the community in which they work? Why or why not? I live in a nearby town. I believe that it is important for the educator to be involved in the community. An educator does not have to live in the community to be involved. I loved living in the community where I taught because the students could come over at any time. On the other hand, living outside the community offers more privacy. (9) Who was your greatest educational influence? My high school science teacher helped me love learning. He taught me to become a life-long learner. Later, he hired me in my first teaching position. During my time working with him, Mr. Hardy taught me what a true leader is: one who serves others. (10) What is the greatest benefit of being an educator? The greatest benefit is watching young people learn and love learning. When a child realizes that he/she can do anything with effort, it is amazing to watch them try new things and succeed. It is more amazing to watch them fail and try again in a different way. That shows that they are growing as students. When they accomplish what they thought was impossible, their smiles and hugs are the greatest pay. b) Administrator and Teacher Interview i) Make arrangements to interview both an administrator and a teacher. Utilize the questions below in the interview and record their responses: (1) Why did you choose to go into education as a career? I chose to go into edu

Sniffing Attacks Prevention and Detection Techniques

Sniffing Attacks Prevention and Detection Techniques Security in Wired/Wireless Networks:  Sniffing Attacks Prevention and Detection Techniques in Wired and Wireless Local Area Networks (LAN) ABSTRACT During the past era, Information Technology made a revolution in RD. No doubt Internet becomes an essential backbone for all sciences and research nowadays. Accordingly security threats and data banks attacks turn out to be a phenomenon. Thus, granting protection to such crucial information becomes a high demand. While reviewing the latest studies in this area, there are strong signs that attacking information warehouse is the hot topic nowadays. Moreover, preventing attacks to TCP/IP networks and what are the most efficient techniques to protect it, is the most targeted research area for security experts. For instance, what so called the Man-in-the-Middle attack [MiM] and Denial of Service [DoS] are just some ways of vulnerable attacks to TCP/IP networks, using some tools available free on the internet. They are sniffing the data traffic or causing service denial. In our research, we evaluated the most famous security solutions and classifying them according to their efficiency against detecting or preventing the types of Address Resolution Protocol [ARP] Spoofing attacks. Based of the surprising experimental results in the security lab, we proposed an optimal algorithm to enhance their ability Keywords: Sniffing Attacks, ARP cache poisoning, Man-in-the-Middle [MiM], Intrusion Prevention Detection technique [IPS/IDS], Denial of Service [DoS] CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview As we mentioned in the abstract section that this research is focusing on the internal attack within the local area network [LAN] which is forming the major and critical attacks which the network resources are exposed to according to recent studies conducted in the Information Security domain[1]. We will demonstrate two major attacks affecting the Internet users the local network; The MiM attack[2] (Man-in-the-Middle Attack) and DoS (Denial-of-Service). There are many tools and softwares widely available and for free of cost which can carry out many attacks over the network and violate the privacy of users, such tools like Sniffers[3] monitors data traveling over a network, it either can be of authorized or unauthorized function. It was started initially as a Network Analyzer to help the Administrator to perform health check and maintain the network activities; however it is used today to redirect the traffic and access confidential files. Traditionally, research in the area of information and communication security focused on helping developers of systems prevent security vulnerabilities in the systems they produce, before the systems are released to customers. the majority of studies on network security, are considering only the external attacks. Internal as well as external are of the outmost importance when it comes to information security, but need to be complemented with more depth research for developing detection and prevention mechanisms, and studying internal threats. The research plan we followed in our work presented here are as follows: a. Address Resolution Protocol [ARP] b. ARP Spoofing attack [Poisoning] c. ARP Spoofing based MiM DoS attacks d. Experiments e. Optimal ARP Spoofing detection algorithm f. Results analysis g. Conclusion 1.1.1 What is an ARP: The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) [4] is used by computers to map network addresses (IP) to physical addresses or what is usually refer to: Media Access Control addresses (MAC). It translates IP addresses to Ethernet MAC addresses and classified as a Networking protocol used to find hosts address given its IP address. Some network expert consider it as a DataLink Layer protocol because it only operates on the local area network or point-to-point link that a host is connected to[5]. The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is documented in RFC 826[1] and later it was adopted by other media, such as FDDI[6]. For more details about Internet Protocols Suits; see appendix [1] 1.1.2 How it works: The ARP Process RARP As we stated formerly from an architecture perspective, ARP is a layer 3 function (Network), however in a programming perspective ARP is considered as layer 2 (Datalink) because it calls the LAN data like layer code. RARP is stand for; Reverse Address Resolution Protocol, and it is a network protocol used to resolve a MAC address to the corresponding network layer address, i.e. RARP is used to map a MAC address to an IP address exactly the reverse function of the ARP request/reply. 1.1.3 Types of ARP/RARP protocol messages: There are four types of ARP massages that are sent by an ARP protocol: a. ARP request b. ARP reply c. RARP request d. RARP reply As we just said in the definition, ARP is used to map network address (IP) to physical address (MAC) and when a host need to communicate with another host it needs to know its MAC address. Here comes ARP protocol and works by broadcasting a packet (ARP-Request) for any hosts connected over the Ethernet network. The ARP packet contains the IP address of the sender and the IP address of the target it is interested in communicating with. See (1.2) and (1.3): However, the target host, identifying that the IP address in the ARP request packet is belong to itself, so it returns an answer back in a unicast reply (ARP-Reply) and the host which initiated the ARP request catches the [IP,MAC] pair and keeps it in ARP cache memory. Keeping the host reply in cache will minimize the ARP traffic in the LAN. See (1.4): So simply when the ARP request is broadcasted to all PCs on the network it asks the following question: Is x.x.x.x is your IP address?, if Yes send back your MAC address. Then every PC checks if its IP address is matching the one in ARP request and sends ARP reply with its MAC address. But the repeated ARP requests especially when it is broadcasted every time a MAC address is required; creates a high traffic in the network, and hence the Operating Systems keep copy of the ARP replies in the computers cache memory and update it frequently with any new pair, this will help in reducing the ARP requests number[9]. By the way ARP spoofing technique which we are going to talk about in the next chapter is occurring when forged ARP replies is created and sent to the source computer who initiated the ARP request formerly and updated its ARP cache with fake information. We will know afterward this kind of exploitation is called poisoning the ARP cache. The Reverse Address Resolution Protocol [RARP] is broadcasting a RARP request packet with the target MAC address which will be received by all hosts in the Ethernet network. Host which its MAC address is matching the one in the RARP request will reply with its IP address in the RARP reply packet and sends it to the host which initiated the RARP request. Afterward the IP address which consists of 32 bit will be converted to 48 bit Ethernet address, by the suitable encapsulation mechanism. This is the common practice for the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), which is documented in RFC 826 [51]. ARP defines the exchanges between network interfaces connected to an Ethernet media segment in order to map an IP address to a link layer address on demand. Link layer addresses are hardware addresses (although they are not unchallengeable) on Ethernet cards; where the IP addresses are logical addresses assigned to machines attached to the Ethernet. Accordingly a Datalink layer address is known by other names, i.e. Ethernet Addresses, Media Access Control (MAC) Addresses, and even Hardware Addresses. However, the correct term from the kernels perspective is Link Layer Address because this address can be changed via command line tools [50]. 1.1.4 ARP and RARP message formats: The ARP packet consists of Ethernet Header and Data packet; the Ethernet header is divided to: 6 bytes for the destination address 6 bytes for source address 2 bytes for the frame type in hexadecimal (e.g. 0806 for ARP 8035 for RARP) Where, the data packet structure of ARP packet is encapsulated and the information that every part holds are demonstrated in the following table[10]: Table 1.1: ARP and RARP packet structure + Bits 0 7 Bits 8 15 Bits 16 31 0 Hardware type (HTYPE) Protocol type (PTYPE) 32 Hardware length (HLEN) Protocol length (PLEN) Operation (OPER) 64 Source hardware address [MAC] (SHA) (first 32 bits) 96 Source hardware address (last 16 bits) Source protocol address (first 16 bits) 128 Sender protocol address (last 16 bits) Destination hardware address (first 16 bits) 160 Destination hardware address (THA) (last 32 bits) 192 Destination protocol address (TPA) Hardware address type (2 bytes). 1=Ethernet Protocol address type ( 2 bytes). 0800H (hexadecimal) = IP address Operation type; 1 = ARP request, 2=ARP reply, 3=RARP request, 4=RARP reply etc†¦. 1.1.5 TCP Standard Ports/Services The table below is showing, a list of services and ports used by TCP protocol: Table 1.2: TCP Ports and Services Port # Keywords Description 20 FTP-DATA File Transfer [Default Data] 21 FTP File Transfer [Control] 23 TELNET TelNet [Telecommunication network ] 25 SMTP Simple Mail Transfer 37 TIME Time 42 NAMESERVER Host Name Server 43 NICNAME Who Is 53 DOMAIN Domain Name Server 79 FINGER Finger 80 HTTP WWW 110 POP3 Post Office Protocol Version 3 111 SUNRPC SUN Remote Procedure Call CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Background 2.1.1 ARP Spoofing based on MiM and DoS attacks ARP spoofing is also called; ARP poison routing (ARP) or ARP cache poisoning or ARP Cache Corrupting. It is a method of attacking an Ethernet local area network by updating the target ARP cache with a forged ARP request and reply packets[9]. This will try to change the target MAC address by another one which the attacker has a control on it. Updating ARP cache with a fake entry value is so called ARP Poisoning. What is sniffer? or (The Network Analyzer); it is a software or a hardware which log the traffic over a network and captures the data packets, then decodes the packets and analyzes the content. Kindly notice in our research that the following terms; Spoofing, Poisoning and Cache Corrupting are referring to the same term . Furthermore, since ARP is considered as a trusted protocol within the network and is not designed to deal with malicious activities in the network, so attackers found unusual ways to illegitimately penetrate into the network; causing harmful costs. These harms or costs can be much worse when the attacker tries to impersonate another user, performs Man-in-the-Middle attacks (MiM), or even causes Denial of Service (DoS) on a Server or even the whole Network[11]. P.S. Spoof means: hoax or imitation. Thanks to the British comedian Arthur Roberts (1852-1933), who introduced the word spoof to the world in the 19th century. He invented a game and called it Spoof, it incorporates tricks nonsense[12]. Why it is so difficult to detect sniffers? †¢ The attack is essentially performed in the passive mode, which means it is hidden and working in the backend so the standard user will not recognize such attacks. Besides it is not easily for user to detect the sniffing since this kind of attacks is generating usual traffic over the network. †¢ The other point is the fact that sniffers can be normally linked to an active intrusion attacks. While talking about the requirement and resources; sniffing is only requiring a standard machine connected over the network with normal hardware configurations and there is no need to special requirements or high performance. †¢ Threat is always seen as external and many researches shows that most of the attacks are from the internal resources; according to the recent Global security surveys in 2009[13], another study [14] shows that internal threat is incredible increased to more than 80% of the security breaches, where external attacks showed about 15% with internal help and 5% just from pure outsiders. 2.1.2 How ARP caches are updated? Let us recall how the communication happens on an Ethernet LAN. As we early stated that all communications in layer 2 is based on the MAC address, so for any PC wants to talk to a target on the network is has to address it to the targets MAC address. If a source computer tries to communicate with another computer in TCP/IP based network it has to translate the targets IP into the corresponding physical address (MAC) and here where we use an ARP protocol. The translation happens by request/reply ARP broadcast processes. When the ARP requester receives the reply, it catches the pair and keep it in its ARP cache memory so it wont ask for it over again[15]. 2.1.3 ARP Cache Poisoning (Spoofing) Attack It is the process of corrupting an ARP cache with fake IP/MAC entries. It also used to perform some other attacks, for instance:  § Man-in-the-Middle (MiM) attack, also known as (MITM)  § Denial of Service (DoS) attack (refer to section 3.2) As we discussed earlier if an entry is exist in the ARP cache, then it can be updated or corrupted using ARP reply or ARP request. But what about if the entry; is NOT exist in the ARP cache? The answer is: ARP request packets always work to corrupt any Operating System ARP cache whether the entry exists or not in the ARP cache. On the other hand, for hackers, ARP requests allow them to corrupt always the target ARP caches! A recent study[16] showed by experiment the impact of the ARP request update on different Operating Systems. An experiment revealed which OS with dynamic entries in the ARP cache was vulnerable to the ARP cache poisoning attack. 2.1 [17], an evaluation for the impact of the ARP request update on different Operating Systems, e.g. Windows XP Professional, Windows 2000, 2003 Server, Linux 2.x, and Solaris 5.9: Table 2.1: ARP request impact on various OS Windows XP Windows 2000 Windows 2003 Server Linux 2.4 Linux 2.6 Free BSD 4.11 SunOS Solaris5.9 Entry exist in ARP cache? Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No ARP request √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ ARP reply √ X √ √ √ X √ X √ X √ √ √ √ √ = ARP request or reply message is accepted by the system allows the update or creation of MAC / IP entry X = ARP request or reply message is rejected by the system doest NOT allow update creation MAC/IP entry The results of the experiment indicated that: 1. If the entry does not exist in the ARP cache, all tested OSs, except Windows 2000, Free BSD 4.11 and SunOS Solaris 5.9, will not allow the creation of a new entry by an ARP reply message. 2. If the entry does not exist in the ARP cache, all tested OSs allow the creation of a new entry by an ARP request message. 3. However, if the entry existed already in the ARP cache, all tested OSs allowed its update by an ARP reply (even in the absence of an ARP request) or request message. Therefore, when using ARP reply messages, the ARP cache poisoning attack becomes difficult to realize against most OSs. However, it remains indeed possible when using ARP request messages. In conclusion, most common OSs are still vulnerable to the ARP cache poisoning attack. Malicious users can first use ARP request messages to create fake IP/MAC entries in the ARP caches of their target hosts. Then, fake ARP reply massages are used to maintain the existence of fake IP/MAC entries in the ARP caches of the target hosts. 2.1.4 Example of ARP Cache Spoofing As mentioned above the ARP Spoofing process is mainly to corrupt the ARP cache of any host over the network with fake IP/MAC pair in order to perform some serious attacks such as Man-in-the-Middle attack [MiM] or Denial-of-Service [DoS]. In the following demonstration we will show the two different steps before and after the ARP cache poisoning is taking place, in the (2.1) and (2.2). 2.1.4.1 ARP Cache Spoofing (before ARP corruption) In (2.1) its clear that the ARP cache table is legitimate for all hosts connected to the network via a switch, where we can see that every IP-address is mapped to a valid and corresponding MAC-address for that host. For instance; in ARP cache table of the host â€Å"A† ; the IP-address of the host â€Å"B† is mapped with the MAC-address of the host â€Å"B†. And the same case is applied on host â€Å"C†. On the other hand, in ARP cache table of the host â€Å"B† for example; the IP-address of the host â€Å"A† is mapped with the MAC-address of the host â€Å"A†. And the same case is applied on host â€Å"C†. Let us see what changes may occur after the cache poisoning: 2.1.4.2 ARP Cache Spoofing (after corruption) In (2.2): Host â€Å"C† is the malicious host in this scenario. It corrupted the ARP cache tables for both hosts â€Å"A† and â€Å"B†. The ARP cache table for host â€Å"A† is becoming illegitimate now, where we can see that every IP-address is mapped to an invalid and not the corresponding MAC-address for that host. For instance; in ARP cache table of the host â€Å"A† ; the IP-address of the host â€Å"B† is mapped with the MAC-address of the host â€Å"C†. And the same case is applied on host â€Å"B†. In this case whenever the host â€Å"A† want to communicate with host â€Å"B†, the TCP/IP traffic will be guided to pass by the malicious host â€Å"C† instead of â€Å"B†..! So what..? Hackers use the process of generating such abnormal ARP request packets to corrupt the ARP cache for certain hosts and perform different attacks over the network (e.g. MiM or DoS). 2.1.5 Gratuitous ARP: This process is concerned about IP address duplication attack. Such a situation is due to the case when a host sends an ARP request to look for its MAC. This may occur when the host reboots, or once changing its Ethernet Number or the IP address[17]. Gratuitous ARP is doing the following tasks: i. Finding IP address conflicts in the Network by verifying if there is another host that has the same IP address and displaying this message:  « duplicate IP address sent from Ethernet address: a:b:c:d:e:f » . ii. If a host changing its MAC or IP address by sending an ARP request, then it will force to update the ARP cache on the Network with the new MAC/IP address P.S. ARP Gratuitous is mainly influence old Operation Systems, such as; Windows XP SP1 or older. 2.1.6 MiM attack: The man-in-the-middle attack, (abbreviated as: MiM, or sometimes: MITM[18]) comes from the Packet-Sniffing[19]. MiM doesnt listen to all the packets that walk along the network as the Sniffer works, however it interfere with one or more hosts in the network and starts snooping between them. Such hosts been listened by a MiM are commonly called victims. A victim can be a normal host (e.g. PC or Notebook), gateway or even a router! An attacker who is mainly spying between two or more victims; is establishing a autonomous connections between the victims and convey messages between them as if they are directly connected. And hence we call him: Man-in-the-Middle. So far MiM is just listening to the traffic passing through two victims. Although this kind of outrage is illegitimate and can reach sensitive information like passwords, e-mail messages, encryption keys†¦etc. however it become worse and worse when he tries to go further than and inject false and fake packets and convey them between the deceived victims. According to[20] MiM attack is classified as an active attack, because the hacker manages the traffic in the network between the source and the destinations. MiM is very famous approach used by hackers nowadays and uses the ARP protocol in order to attack the ARP-Cache tables and hence control the targets[21]. By poisoning the ARP tables for all hosts in the network for example; will instruct the hosts to reroute the traffic to the Attacker host instead of the Gateway, where he starts interfering between any two or more victims. One more thing needs to be mentioned that the attacker has to forward all the interrupted packets to the original destination, so that the synchronized connection will remain and doesnt time out! In the above ; ARP spoofing occurs when sending a fake and spoofed ARP reply to the target, i.e. if the Attacker has an IP: [10.10.1.10] and wants to sniff the traffic between the Victim who has an IP: [10.10.1.20] and the Gateway which has an IP: [10.10.1.254] it simply sends fake ARP replies to associate its own MAC address with the Gateway IP [10.10.1.254]. The Victim then is trapped and starts sending all the packets intended to the Gateway to the Attacker address as in the above illustration. 2.1.7 Denial of Service [DoS]: DoS attacks; occurring when any suspicious host over the network performs ARP cache poisoning and receives any packet designated to the original target to the suspicious host and cause a block in the connection between the host and the target which is being attacked. Kindly notice that more details regarding Denial of Service [DoS] will be discussed in section (3.2) in chapter No. 3. 2.2 Evaluation Of Common Intrusion Detection Systems And Intrusion Prevention Systems 2.2.1 ARP cache poisoning and MiM attacks: The ARP cache spoofing attack and the Man-in-the-Middle attack are usually maintained and controlled by humans[22]. There are many solutions proposed in solving this type of security threat, based on different mechanisms or protocols at different OSI model layers; such as; Application layer, Network layer and Data link layer[16]. 2.2.2 Detection of ARP cache poisoning attack: Arpwatch[23] and Snort[24] are tools that are able to detect ARP cache poisoning attack by checking each packet contents. To do that, these tools monitor Ethernet activities and keep databases of Ethernet MAC/IP address pairs. If an analyzed packet has an Ethernet MAC/IP address pair, which does not appear in their databases, then the system administrator is alerted. Arpwatch and Snort are sensors that need to have access to monitoring ports on the switches (usually, known under the name of SPAN port, or mirroring port) or be placed in locations where they can see all the network traffic. Therefore, it would be more interesting and efficient to detect any ARP anomalies without the use of any access privilege or special ports on the switches. This is the case since substantial performance impact can be caused when port mirroring is in effect. This strategy makes ARP spoofing detection based on sniffing not quite viable on switched LAN networks[16]. 2.2.3 Packets sniffing and MiM attacks: On shared broadcast LAN networks, such as hubbed and wireless networks, packets sniffing can easily be achieved with minimal efforts. However, a switched LAN environment presents a different problem with few available techniques for sniffing. The first technique consists of connecting to an administrative port on the Switch and setting it to broadcast mode. The administrative port will now receive all traffic. A second technique is summarized by sending a large number of spoofed packets, which is usually an ARP packet (Address Resolution Protocol) to the Switch so it fails to open and sends all packets to all ports. However, a recent study[25] shows that only old switches models are vulnerable to this attack. Another technique, which is based on the MiM attack, is to tell target hosts on the LAN network to use an attackers MAC address in order to get to any other host. This technique is based on the generation of malicious ARP traffic. The attacker host takes a copy of the received t raffic then forwards it to the correct host. Today, security devices, such IDSs (An intrusion detection system) [26] and IPSs (An Intrusion Prevention System)[27], have become a standard component of security solutions used to protect computing assets from hostile attacks. IDSs are able to detect many types of attacks, such as denial of service (DoS) and IP spoofing attacks. But, their ability and reliability to detect certain attacks are still questionable, notably the MiM attack. Prevention mechanisms, such as S-ARP[28] and O-ARP[29] lack efficient implementation on real systems and for a performance evaluation 2.2.4 Prevention mechanisms based on secure ARP protocols: A number of cryptographic protocols have targeted issues related to ARP security. For example, S-ARP[28] is a popular ARP security protocol that uses asymmetric cryptography utilizing digitally signed ARP replies. At the receiving end, an entry is updated if and only if the signatures are correctly verified. S-ARP is considerably slow as can be deduced from the results presented in[28]. Furthermore, S-ARP can not prevent against cache poisoning attacks. a. O-ARP technique: O-ARP[29] is a secure ARP technique that is similar to S-ARP with regards to its message format and key management. However, it uses cryptography only when necessary and tries to avoid it when ever possible. The authors in[29] claim that O-ARP is much faster than S-ARP on the average, and can be used as security measure to prevent against cache poisoning attacks. Meanwhile, the authors did not implement O-ARP in any operating system to obtain measurements for its performance. In[30] the authors proposed another Secure Address Resolution Protocol. In this protocol, a secure server shares secret keys with each host on a subnet. The server maintains a database of MAC/IP address mappings, which is updated periodically through communication with each host. All ARP requests and replies occur between a host and the server, and replies are authenticated using the shared pair keys. The main drawback of this technique is congestion at the server, which constitutes a single point of failure in the network. b. Ticket-based Address Resolution Protocol Ticket-based Address Resolution Protocol (TARP)[31] is another secure ARP protocol. TARP is built as an extension to ARP. TARP implements security by distributing centrally issued secure MAC/IP address mapping attestations through existing ARP messages. These attestations, called tickets are given to clients as they join the network and are subsequently distributed through existing ARP messages. Unlike other popular ARP-based solutions, the costs per resolution are reduced to one public key validation per request/reply pair in the worst case. However, networks implementing TARP are vulnerable to two types of attacks-active host impersonation, and DoS through ticket flooding. In addition, TARP does not include support for dynamic environments, mainly when hosts IP addresses changes dynamically. c. Cryptographic Technique Another approach was presented in[32], where the authors proposed a cryptographic technique. The technique is based on the combination of digital signatures and one time passwords based on hash chains. d. ARPSec protocol Moreover, in[33], the ARPSec protocol was proposed as an ARP security extension that intends to solve the security weaknesses of the ARP protocol. ARPSec provides an anti-replay protection and authentication using a secret key shared only by the source and the destination of the packet computed by an authenticated Diffie-Hellman exchange. Unfortunately, no real-time implementation or performance evaluations on actual network systems were performed to quantify their efficiency. At the network layer, the IPSec[34] protocol can be used to facilitate the confidentiality, integrity, and authentication of information communicated using the IP protocol. IPSec proposes solutions for many security issues within the IP protocol, but does not prevent any malicious users from manipulating ARP packets, at the Data link layer, or redirecting target network IP traffic to other destinations. IPSec guaranties the confidentiality and integrity of the redirected IP traffic, but cannot prevent malicious users from causing DoS attacks on target hosts. 2.2.5 Protection mechanisms at the Application layer: Recently, several security protection mechanisms have been proposed at the Application layer. However, such mechanisms might not be effective against certain attacks at the lower layers, mainly at the Data Link layer. For example, in[35], the authors argued that most deployed user authentication mechanisms fail to provide protection against the MiM attack, even when they run on top of the SSL/TLS protocol or other similar protocols. The authors then introduced the notion of SSL/TLS session-aware user authentication, and elaborated on possibilities to implement it. Another example is the Interlock protocol, proposed in[36], which was later shown to be vulnerable to attacks when used for authentication[37]. For enhanced security at the Application layer, in[38] a new proposed technique called Delayed Password Disclosure (DPD) was shown to complement a password-based authentication and key exchange protocol to protect against a special form of the MiM attack, the doppelganger window att ack. On the other hand, in[39] the authors proposed the notion of a Password Protection Module (PPM) that provides protection against the MiM attack for certain situations. PPMs are effective only if they take into account network-related information, such as IP addresses and URLs. This makes PPMs very difficult to deploy and manage. Additional protection mechanisms were proposed in[40] to secure tunneled authentication protocols against the MiM attack. In most cases, prevention mechanisms at the Application layer guarantee the confidentiality and integrity of the traffic exchanged but do not prevent malicious users from redirecting network traffic to their hosts. 2.2.6 External protection mechanisms: Several attempts have been made to address the above security issues through methods external to the ARP protocol. For example, it has been proposed that hosts can statically be cond[41] . This would incur a huge administrative overhead and is largely intractable for dynamic environments. Conversely, the port security[42] features available in recent switches restrict the use of physical ports to con MAC addresses. If an attacker forges its own MAC address and includes an additional frame header containing malicious mapping, poisoning a victims ARP cache can still be possible. This approach only prevents certain kinds of MAC hijacking, but does nothing to prevent MiM attack. Hence, it is only a partial and in many ways limited solution